What Causes Miscarriage?

2021-05-24

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Experiencing a miscarriage can be a devastating and confusing time for women and their families. Understanding the causes of miscarriage can help you and your doctor develop a plan to prevent future miscarriages and increase your chances of having a healthy pregnancy.

In this article, we'll explore what causes miscarriage and discuss the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options available. We'll also provide information on the emotional and psychological impact of miscarriage and offer resources to help you cope with the loss.

Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion, is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. It is a common occurrence, affecting up to 20% of pregnancies. While most miscarriages happen in the early stages of pregnancy, they can occur at any time before 20 weeks.

What Causes Miscarriage

There are many potential causes of miscarriage, including:

Chromosomal abnormalities
Uterine abnormalities
Placental problems
Hormonal imbalances
Infections
Environmental factors
Medical conditions
Age of mother

In many cases, the exact cause of a miscarriage is never determined. However, by understanding the potential causes, doctors can help women reduce their risk of having a miscarriage and increase their chances of having a healthy pregnancy.

Chromosomal abnormalities

Chromosomal abnormalities are one of the most common causes of miscarriage. Chromosomes are structures in cells that carry genetic information. When a sperm and egg fertilize, they combine their chromosomes to create a new set of chromosomes for the embryo. If there is an error in this process, the embryo may have too many or too few chromosomes, or the chromosomes may be rearranged.

Trisomy
Trisomy is a condition in which an embryo has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the usual two. The most common type of trisomy is trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome. Trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 are also common trisomies that can lead to miscarriage.
Monosomy
Monosomy is a condition in which an embryo has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the usual two. Monosomy is usually fatal, and embryos with monosomy often miscarry early in pregnancy.
Translocation
Translocation is a condition in which two chromosomes break off and exchange genetic material. This can lead to an embryo having an extra copy of some genetic material and a missing copy of other genetic material. Translocations can also lead to miscarriage.
Deletion
Deletion is a condition in which a section of a chromosome is missing. Deletions can be small or large, and they can lead to a variety of health problems, including miscarriage.

Chromosomal abnormalities are usually random events, but they can also be caused by certain genetic conditions. If you have a history of chromosomal abnormalities in your family, talk to your doctor about your risk of having a miscarriage.

Uterine abnormalities

Uterine abnormalities are structural problems with the uterus that can make it difficult for an embryo to implant or grow properly. These abnormalities can be present from birth, or they can be acquired later in life.

Septate uterus
A septate uterus is a uterus that has a wall of tissue dividing the uterine cavity into two separate chambers. This can make it difficult for an embryo to implant or grow properly, and it can increase the risk of miscarriage.
Bicornuate uterus
A bicornuate uterus is a uterus that has two separate horns, or arms. This can also make it difficult for an embryo to implant or grow properly, and it can increase the risk of miscarriage.
Arcuate uterus
An arcuate uterus is a uterus that has a small indentation in the top of the uterine cavity. This indentation can sometimes make it difficult for an embryo to implant, but it usually does not increase the risk of miscarriage.
Submucosal fibroids
Submucosal fibroids are non-cancerous growths that occur in the wall of the uterus. These fibroids can protrude into the uterine cavity and interfere with implantation and fetal growth. They can also increase the risk of miscarriage.

Uterine abnormalities can be diagnosed with a variety of tests, including a pelvic exam, ultrasound, and hysteroscopy. Treatment for uterine abnormalities depends on the type of abnormality and the severity of the symptoms. Some uterine abnormalities can be corrected with surgery, while others may require medication or other treatments.

Placental problems

The placenta is a vital organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. It also removes waste products from the fetus's blood. Placental problems can disrupt these essential functions and lead to miscarriage.

Some common placental problems that can cause miscarriage include:

Placental abruption
Placental abruption is a condition in which the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus before the baby is born. This can be a life-threatening condition for both the mother and the baby.
Placenta previa
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta implants in the lower part of the uterus, covering the opening of the cervix. This can lead to bleeding during pregnancy and labor, and it can also increase the risk of miscarriage.
Placental insufficiency
Placental insufficiency is a condition in which the placenta does not function properly. This can lead to a lack of oxygen and nutrients for the fetus, which can result in miscarriage or other serious health problems.
Placental infection
Placental infection, also known as chorioamnionitis, is a rare but serious condition that can lead to miscarriage. This infection can be caused by bacteria or viruses that enter the uterus through the vagina.

Placental problems can be diagnosed with a variety of tests, including ultrasound, blood tests, and amniocentesis. Treatment for placental problems depends on the type of problem and the severity of the symptoms. Some placental problems can be treated with medication or surgery, while others may require the delivery of the baby before the due date.

Hormonal imbalances

Hormonal imbalances can also lead to miscarriage. The hormones progesterone and estrogen are essential for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Progesterone helps to thicken the lining of the uterus and prepare it for implantation of the embryo. Estrogen helps to regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the body for childbirth.

If the levels of these hormones are too low or too high, it can lead to miscarriage. For example, low levels of progesterone can make it difficult for the embryo to implant in the uterus. High levels of estrogen can also increase the risk of miscarriage, as it can make the uterus more likely to contract.

Other hormonal imbalances that can lead to miscarriage include:

Thyroid problems
Thyroid problems, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, can disrupt the normal balance of hormones in the body and lead to miscarriage.
Adrenal gland problems
Adrenal gland problems, such as Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease, can also disrupt the normal balance of hormones in the body and lead to miscarriage.
Diabetes
Diabetes can also increase the risk of miscarriage, especially if it is not well-controlled.

Hormonal imbalances can be diagnosed with a variety of tests, including blood tests and urine tests. Treatment for hormonal imbalances depends on the underlying cause. Some hormonal imbalances can be treated with medication, while others may require surgery or other treatments.

Infections

Infections can also lead to miscarriage. Some infections that can cause miscarriage include:

Bacterial vaginosis (BV)
BV is a common vaginal infection that is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina. BV can increase the risk of miscarriage, especially in women who are pregnant for the first time.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
STIs, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, can also increase the risk of miscarriage. STIs can be passed from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, and they can cause a variety of health problems, including miscarriage.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
UTIs are infections of the urinary tract, which includes the bladder, urethra, and kidneys. UTIs can also increase the risk of miscarriage, especially if they are not treated promptly.
Listeriosis
Listeriosis is a rare but serious infection that is caused by the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria can be found in unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, and deli meats. Listeriosis can be passed from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, and it can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or other serious health problems.

Infections can be diagnosed with a variety of tests, including blood tests, urine tests, and vaginal swabs. Treatment for infections depends on the type of infection. Some infections can be treated with antibiotics, while others may require antiviral or antifungal medications.

It is important to note that not all infections will lead to miscarriage. However, it is important to be aware of the infections that can increase the risk of miscarriage and to take steps to prevent these infections.

Environmental factors

Certain environmental factors can also increase the risk of miscarriage. These factors include:

Exposure to toxins
Exposure to certain toxins, such as lead, mercury, and benzene, can increase the risk of miscarriage. These toxins can be found in a variety of places, including the workplace, the environment, and certain foods.
Radiation exposure
Exposure to high levels of radiation, such as from an X-ray or CT scan, can also increase the risk of miscarriage. However, it is important to note that the amount of radiation used in most medical imaging tests is very low and does not pose a significant risk to the fetus.
Extreme heat
Exposure to extreme heat, such as from working in a hot environment or spending long periods of time in a hot tub, can also increase the risk of miscarriage.
Air pollution
Exposure to air pollution, such as particulate matter and ozone, can also increase the risk of miscarriage. Air pollution can be found in many urban areas and near major highways.

It is important to note that most women who are exposed to these environmental factors will not have a miscarriage. However, it is important to be aware of these factors and to take steps to reduce your exposure to them as much as possible.

If you are concerned about your exposure to environmental factors, talk to your doctor. They can help you assess your risk and develop a plan to reduce your exposure.

Medical conditions

Certain medical conditions can also increase the risk of miscarriage. These conditions include:

Diabetes
Diabetes, especially if it is not well-controlled, can increase the risk of miscarriage. This is because high blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels that supply the placenta, leading to placental problems and miscarriage.
Thyroid problems
Thyroid problems, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, can also increase the risk of miscarriage. This is because thyroid hormones are essential for the proper development of the fetus. If thyroid levels are too low or too high, it can lead to miscarriage.
Lupus
Lupus is an autoimmune disease that can affect the joints, skin, kidneys, and other organs. Lupus can also increase the risk of miscarriage, especially if it is not well-controlled. This is because lupus can cause inflammation and damage to the placenta.
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Antiphospholipid syndrome is a blood clotting disorder that can increase the risk of miscarriage, blood clots, and other health problems. This is because antiphospholipid syndrome can cause the blood to clot too easily, which can lead to problems with the placenta and miscarriage.

If you have a medical condition that increases your risk of miscarriage, it is important to talk to your doctor before you become pregnant. Your doctor can help you manage your condition and reduce your risk of miscarriage.

Age of mother

The age of the mother is also a factor that can affect the risk of miscarriage. Women who are under the age of 20 or over the age of 35 have a higher risk of miscarriage than women who are between the ages of 20 and 35.

There are a few reasons why age can affect the risk of miscarriage.

Egg quality
As women age, the quality of their eggs declines. This is because older eggs are more likely to have chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomal abnormalities can lead to miscarriage.
Uterine changes
As women age, their uterus also undergoes changes. These changes can make it more difficult for an embryo to implant and grow properly. For example, the lining of the uterus may become thinner and less receptive to implantation.
Health problems
Older women are also more likely to have health problems, such as diabetes, thyroid problems, and high blood pressure. These health problems can increase the risk of miscarriage.

It is important to note that age is just one factor that can affect the risk of miscarriage. Many women who are under the age of 20 or over the age of 35 have healthy pregnancies. However, it is important to be aware of the increased risk of miscarriage associated with age and to talk to your doctor if you are concerned.

If you are a woman who is over the age of 35 and you are planning to become pregnant, there are a few things you can do to reduce your risk of miscarriage:

See your doctor for a preconception checkup
Your doctor can check for any health problems that could increase your risk of miscarriage. They can also provide you with information on how to reduce your risk of miscarriage.
Take a prenatal vitamin
Prenatal vitamins contain folic acid, which is an important nutrient for preventing neural tube defects. Folic acid can also help to reduce the risk of miscarriage.
Maintain a healthy weight
Being overweight or obese can increase your risk of miscarriage. Aim for a healthy weight before you become pregnant.
Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs
Smoking, alcohol, and drugs can all increase your risk of miscarriage. If you are pregnant, it is important to quit smoking, drinking alcohol, and using drugs.

FAQ

Here are some frequently asked questions about miscarriage:

Question 1: What is miscarriage?
Answer 1: Miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation.

Question 2: How common is miscarriage?
Answer 2: Miscarriage is a common occurrence, affecting up to 20% of pregnancies.

Question 3: What are the signs and symptoms of miscarriage?
Answer 3: The signs and symptoms of miscarriage can include vaginal bleeding, cramping, and back pain. However, some miscarriages can occur without any symptoms.

Question 4: What causes miscarriage?
Answer 4: There are many potential causes of miscarriage, including chromosomal abnormalities, uterine abnormalities, placental problems, hormonal imbalances, infections, environmental factors, medical conditions, and age of the mother.

Question 5: How is miscarriage diagnosed?
Answer 5: Miscarriage is diagnosed with a physical exam, blood test, and ultrasound.

Question 6: How is miscarriage treated?
Answer 6: There is no specific treatment for miscarriage. The goal of treatment is to manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

Question 7: What are the emotional and psychological effects of miscarriage?
Answer 7: Miscarriage can have a significant emotional and psychological impact on women and their families. These effects can include grief, sadness, anger, guilt, and anxiety.

Question 8: Where can I find support after a miscarriage?
Answer 8: There are many resources available to provide support after a miscarriage. These resources include support groups, online forums, and counseling.

Closing Paragraph for FAQ:

If you have experienced a miscarriage, it is important to know that you are not alone. There are many people who can offer support and guidance during this difficult time.

Tips for coping with a miscarriage:

Tips

Here are some practical tips for coping with a miscarriage:

Tip 1: Allow yourself to grieve.
It is important to allow yourself to grieve the loss of your pregnancy. This may involve crying, talking about your feelings, or writing in a journal. There is no right or wrong way to grieve.

Tip 2: Talk to someone you trust.
Talking about your miscarriage can help you to process your emotions and begin to heal. Talk to a friend, family member, therapist, or anyone else you feel comfortable talking to.

Tip 3: Take care of yourself.
During this difficult time, it is important to take care of your physical and emotional health. This means eating healthy, getting enough sleep, and exercising regularly. You may also want to consider seeking professional counseling or therapy.

Tip 4: Join a support group.
There are many support groups available for women who have experienced miscarriage. These groups can provide a safe and supportive environment where you can share your experiences and learn from others.

Closing Paragraph for Tips:

Coping with a miscarriage takes time and support. Be patient with yourself and allow yourself to heal at your own pace. There are many resources available to help you through this difficult time.

Conclusion:

Conclusion

Miscarriage is a common and often devastating experience. It is important to remember that you are not alone and that there are many resources available to help you cope with your loss.

The main points to remember about miscarriage are:

Miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation.
Miscarriage is common, affecting up to 20% of pregnancies.
There are many potential causes of miscarriage, including chromosomal abnormalities, uterine abnormalities, placental problems, hormonal imbalances, infections, environmental factors, medical conditions, and age of the mother.
Miscarriage is diagnosed with a physical exam, blood test, and ultrasound.
There is no specific treatment for miscarriage. The goal of treatment is to manage the symptoms and prevent complications.
Miscarriage can have a significant emotional and psychological impact on women and their families.
There are many resources available to provide support after a miscarriage, including support groups, online forums, and counseling.